Epidural Analgesia
(n=979)
Liposomal Bupivacaine
(n=4820)
Total (N=5799) P Value
Age (y), mean (SD) 62 (16) 62 (16) 62 (16) .4944
Female, n (%) 486 (50) 2626 (54) 3112 (54) <.0001
Race, n (%)
White 808 (83) 3877 (80) 4685 (81) .0056
Other 171 (17) 943 (20) 1114 (19)
Quan-Charlson Comorbidity Index score, mean (SD) 2.4 (2.8) 2.0 (2.5) 2.1 (2.6) <.0001
Surgical procedure, n (%)
Abdomen 421 (43) 1179 (24) 1600 (28) <.0001
Colorectal 558 (57) 3641 (76) 499 (72)
Index surgery year, n (%)
2016 284 (29) 1352 (28) 1636 (28) <.0001
2017 198 (20) 1474 (31) 1672 (29)
2018 219 (22) 1081 (22) 1300 (22)
2019 278 (28) 913 (19) 1191 (21)
Payer, n (%)
Commercial 306 (31) 1777 (37) 2083 (36) <.0005
Medicaid 94 (10) 332 (7) 426 (7)
Medicare 497 (51) 2277 (47) 2774 (48)
Other 82 (8) 434 (9) 516 (9)
Teaching hospital, n (%)
No 382 (39) 2917 (61) 3299 (57) <.0001
Yes 597 (61) 1903 (39) 2500 (43)
Hospital location, n (%)
Rural 237 (24) 355 (7) 592 (10) <.0001
Urban 742 (76) 4465 (93) 5207 (90)
Provider region, n (%)
Midwest 141 (14) 383 (8) 524 (9) <.0001
Northeast 149 (15) 87 (18) 1828 (18)
South 608 (62) 3316 (69) 3924 (68)
West 81 (8) 242 (5) 323 (6)
Bed size, n (%)
0-199 42 (4) 808 (17) 850 (15) <.0001
200-299 86 (9) 615 (13) 701 (12)
300-399 114 (12) 988 (21) 1102 (19)
400-499 93 (10) 202 (4) 295 (5)
≥500 644 (66) 2207 (46) 2851 (49)