Ecological Factors Overall VIF
Sample size 326 Million (population of 3101 counties)
Mean SD
Cases 110 257.75 214 169.92
Deaths 1991.70 3956.85
Case fatality rate# 1.82 0.82
Census Region [n, %] ^
Northeast 217.00 7.00
Midwest 1055.00 33.90
South 1422.00 45.80
West 414.00 13.30
COVID-19 Policy-related Factors
Calendar Month of the First Reported Case in the State [n, %] ^ n % 2.71
January 6.00 0.20
February 16.00 0.50
March 2097.00 67.50
April 692.00 22.30
May 133.00 4.30
June to December 164.00 5.30
% Positive for COVID-19 9.30 4.10 1.99
Social Distance Score 1.75 0.63 3.30
Stringency Index 49.14 11.21 2.03
Health Behaviors
% Adult Smoking 15.31 3.43 8.85
Food Insecurity 7.83 0.85 3.20
Chlamydia Rate* 520.05 236.40 3.09
% Fair or Poor Health 16.74 3.83 15.65
Teen Birth Rate 22.81 11.11 5.11
% Physical Inactivity 23.31 5.37 2.50
% Excessive Drinking 18.76 2.80 3.09
% Adult Obesity 29.06 5.53 2.06
Clinical Burden
% Low Birthweight 8.07 1.42 3.07
% Diabetic 10.25 2.77 1.91
Premature Age Adjusted Mortality* 341.61 93.01 4.95
Clinical Care
Primary Care Physicians Rate* 75.41 30.36 2.17
Preventable Hospitalization Rate 4545.01 1270.42 1.63
Hospital Beds* 3200.65 5035.30 1.84
Nursing Home Beds* 77.79 187.85 1.13
Long-term Care Beds* 128.89 260.27 1.28
Mental Health Provider Rate* 247.42 161.55 2.09
% With Annual Mammogram 41.15 6.19 2.29
% Influenza Vaccinations 46.11 6.91 2.05
Socio-economic Factors
% SNAP Recipients 12.43 5.92 7.25
% of Workforce in Education/Health-care/Social Assistance Field 23.12 3.92 1.92
% of Workforce in Construction 6.52 1.81 1.53
% of Workforce in Manufacturing 10.23 5.40 2.30
Income Inequality Ratio 4.72 0.78 2.24
% Adults with Some College Education 65.33 9.81 3.97
% Unemployment 3.96 1.12 2.42
% Children in Single-parent Households 33.15 8.68 3.67
Social Association Rate* 9.01 3.60 1.67
% Uninsured Adults 10.25 4.81 3.40
Median Income* US$65 045.85 US$17 989.94 11.00
% 65 Years Old and Over 16.02 4.04 5.78
% Less Than 18 Years of Age 22.44 2.94 4.70
% African American 12.55 12.56 5.19
% Native Americans 1.24 3.18 2.64
% Hispanic 18.35 17.18 7.80
% Female 50.76 1.23 2.70
% Not Proficient in English 4.41 4.38 4.17
Residential Segregation Non-White/White 37.03 11.27 1.47
% Poverty 13.05 4.82 11.57
Physical Environment
Air Pollution-particulate Matter (2.5) 10.08 2.11 2.94
% Severe Housing Problem 18.09 5.85 2.82
% Rural 18.68 24.06 4.58
% Homeownership 63.77 10.82 3.21
% Public Transportation 18.24 3.95 1.31
Population* 1 172 722.28 1 940 307.84 8.34
Population Density per 100 sq. miles* 2067.26 6497.01 9.12