LB (n=373)	Non-LB (n=9816)	P value
Age, mean (SD), y	14.2 (2.6)	12.0 (4.5)	<0.0001
Sex, n (%)			0.1280
Female	235 (63.0)	5797 (59.1)
Male	138 (37.0)	4019 (40.9)
Race, n (%)			0.8668
Black	55 (14.7)	1368 (13.9)
White	248 (66.5)	6648 (67.7)
Other	70 (18.8)	1800 (18.3)
Quan-Charlson Comorbidity Index, mean (SD)	0.2 (0.7)	0.3 (0.9)	<0.0001
0–1, n (%)	344 (92.2)	8078 (82.3)
>1, n (%)	29 (7.8)	1738 (17.7)
Index surgery year, n (%)			<0.0001
2015	60 (16.1)	2136 (21.8)
2016	100 (26.8)	2507 (25.5)
2017	79 (21.2)	2276 (23.2)
2018	55 (14.7)	1645 (16.8)
2019	79 (21.2)	1252 (12.7)
PCA, n (%)			0.0003
Yes	82 (22.0)	1479 (15.1)
No	291 (78.0)	8837 (84.9)
Teaching hospital, n (%)			0.0072
Yes	288 (77.2)	6948 (70.8)
No	85 (22.8)	2868 (29.2)
Location, n (%)			0.0005
Rural	8 (2.1)	652 (6.6)
Urban	365 (97.9)	9164 (93.4)
Provider region, n (%)			<0.0001
Northwest	34 (9.1)	1553 (15.8)
Southwest	150 (40.2)	1591 (16.2)
South	162 (43.4)	5405 (55.1)
West	27 (7.2)	1267 (12.9)
Bed size, n (%)			<0.0001
000–299	173 (46.4)	1988 (20.2)
≥300	200 (53.6)	7828 (79.8)
Spine surgery type			<0.0001
Discectomy	6 (1.6)	167 (1.7)
Fusion (lumbosacral)	42 (11.3)	571 (5.8)
Fusion (other)	253 (67.8)	5012 (51.1)
Laminectomy	4 (1.1)	168 (1.7)
Other	68 (18.2)	3898 (39.7)